Isiqhingi saseGalápagos, esingamakhilomitha ayi-1,000 ukusuka ogwini lwezwekazi lase-Ecuador, sisalokhu singenye yezindawo ezibonakala zihlukile. Isimo saso njengeNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba ye-UNESCO, eyanikezwa ngo-1978, singaphezu nje kwelebula: sihlanganisa indawo eyingqayizivele eyaphefumulela uCharles Darwin futhi namuhla ebhekene nezinsongo ezithile. Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha, kanye nokulawulwa kokushushumbiswa kwezilwane zasendle kuye kwaba yizinto eziza kuqala eziphathimandleni, ososayensi, kanye nezakhamuzi zendawo.
Akuyona nje ipharadesi labahambi. Lezi ziqhingi ziyilabhorethri yemvelo egcwele izinhlobo zezilwane ezitholakala kalula, kusukela ezimfudu ezinkulu kuya kuma-iguana asolwandle kanye nezinhlanzi ezibomvu ezihlaba umxhwele. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa, okwavumela ukuvela okuyingqayizivele iminyaka eyizigidi, nakho kuyenza ibe sengozini. Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo, ama-tsunami, kanye namanethi ezilwane zasendle angekho emthethweni kuvivinya ukuqina kwesiqhingi esizama ukubikezela lezi zinkinga.
Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo: uhlangothi oluphuthumayo kakhulu
Ngokusho kwamarekhodi avela ku-Galapagos National Park Directorate, izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1.700 ezifakiwe zitholakale kulezi ziqhingi. Kulezi, ezingaba ngu-350 zibhekwa njengezihlaselayo ngenxa yolaka lwazo kanye nekhono lazo lokususa izilwane zasendle zasendaweni. Izimbuzi, izintuthwane zomlilo, amakati asendle, kanye ne-blackberry ehlaselayo ziphakathi kwezibonelo ezilimaza kakhulu.
Izimbuzi ziqede uhlaza eziqhingini ezifana nePinta, iSantiago, ne-Isabela, zishiya izimfudu ezinkulu zaseGalápagos zingenakudla futhi zigugule inhlabathi yentaba-mlilo. Izintuthwane ezibomvu zihlasela izidleke zezinyoni nezimfudu, kuyilapho amakati asendle esongela izinhlobo ezisengozini enkulu, njenge-iguana epinki yeWolf Volcano. Ezitshalweni, i-snowberry (Rubus niveus) yakha ukuxubana okuminyene okumboza amahlathi eScalesia. Umonakalo awufani, kodwa uthinta lonke uchungechunge lwezemvelo.
Ukuqothulwa kwezimbuzi e-Alcedo volcano, enyakatho ye-Isabela Island, kungenye yezibonelo ezivame ukucashunwa. Phakathi kuka-1995 no-2006, kwasuswa izimbuzi ezingu-62.868, ngokusho kwedatha eqoqwe ezifundweni ezishicilelwe ku-Restoration Ecology. Ukuze kutholakale izimbuzi zokugcina ezisele, kwasetshenziswa izimbuzi zikaJuda ezihlanziwe ezifakwe amakhola omsakazo, kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, i-radiotelemetry, kanye nezinhlelo ze-GIS. Ucwaningo luqhathanise inani labantu nelaseSanta Cruz Island, elisetshenziswa njengokulawula , futhi lwabona izingane eziningi ezincane kanye nokukhula okukhulu e-Alcedo.
I-Smart Island: UFloreana uthatha isinyathelo sobuchwepheshe
I-Floreana, enamahektha angaba ngu-18.000, yakhethwa njengendawo yokwethula umqondo we-Smart Island ngo-2026. Ngaphambilini, ukuqapha izicupho zamakhamera ezingu-125 kwakudinga ukuhamba amakhilomitha angaba ngu-300 izinsuku ezingu-12 unqamula idwala lentaba-mlilo. Ngesikhathi ososayensi behlaziya idatha ehhovisi, ulwazi lwalungase luphuze amasonto amaningi. Impendulo yayisephuzile kakhulu, futhi lesi silwane esihlaselayo sase sithuthile kakade.
Inethiwekhi entsha ihlanganisa amakhamera athuthukile, izinzwa ezenzakalelayo, ukuxhumana kwe-LoRaWAN, kanye namapulatifomu afana ne-EarthRanger, ngokubambisana ne-Smart Parks kanye ne-Wildlife Protection Solutions. Ezinsukwini zayo zokuqala eziyi-100, uhlelo luqoqe izithombe ezingaphezu kuka-250.000. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buhlunge leli volumu futhi bukhiphe izexwayiso ezingu-3.000 kuphela zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingaba khona, okunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwabantu ngaphezu kuka-98%. Impendulo esemhlabeni ingasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwemizuzu engama-30.
Umgomo uzimisele kakhulu: ukumemezela ukuthi iFloreana ayinazo izikati zasendle namagundane. Inethiwekhi ihlose ukufinyelela amakhamera angu-450, cishe iso elilodwa le-elekthronikhi kumahektha angu-35 ngalinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumbozwa kuvumela ukutholakala kobuso babantu kanye nokunyakaza okungavamile, ithuluzi eliwusizo lokulwa nokuhweba ngezilwane zasendle okungekho emthethweni. Izakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-150 zihlanganyela kulo msebenzi, ohlose nokuvikela izitshalo zazo. Umphakathi wendawo awuyena umdlali wesibili, kodwa uyingxenye esebenzayo yohlelo.
Izilwane zasendle ezibuyayo kanye nezimfudu ezibuyayo
Imiphumela isivele iyabonakala kuFloreana. Ekuqaleni kuka-2025, abacwaningi bathola kabusha iGalápagos tody, inyoni engaqondakali kakhulu ehlala khona eyayingakaqoshwa esiqhingini iminyaka engu-190. UCharles Darwin wayengusosayensi wokugcina ukuyibhala ngokusemthethweni. Ukuncipha kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlaselayo kubonakala sengathi kuye kwasiza ukuphinde ivele. Lokhu akuyona nje into encane: kubonisa ukuthi imvelo isiqala ukululama.
Ngo-2026, izimfudu ezinkulu ezingu-158 zakhululwa zabuyela eSiqhingini saseFloreana ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amabili zokuqothulwa kwendawo, okwabangelwa ngokwengxenye ukudoba imikhomo. ESiqhingini sase-Alcedo, ukususwa kwezimbuzi kwavumela izihlahla ezincane, izihlahla, izithombo zasehlathini, kanye ne-Opuntia cacti ukuthi ziphinde zihlume. Izimfudu ezinkulu zithembele kulezi zitshalo futhi zisebenzisa izindawo eziphakeme ngesikhathi sesomiso. Ukuvuselelwa kwezitshalo nezimfudu kuqhubeka kanyekanye.
I-Tsunami Ilungele: Lungiselela ngaphambi kokuba i-alamu izwakale
Inkumbulo ye-tsunami kaMashi 2011 eJapan isalokhu intsha. Amagagasi afika eziQhingini zaseGalápagos ebusuku, alimaza ingqalasizinda eSan Cristóbal naseSanta Cruz. EPuerto Ayora, ulwandle lwancipha, futhi abantu basuswa. Akukho abalimele, kodwa kwasala umbuzo ongajabulisi: kuzokwenzekani uma kwenzeka i-tsunami enkulu? Eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kamuva, iSanta Cruz, i-Isabela, neSan Cristóbal bathole isitifiketi se-UNESCO se-Tsunami Ready. Ziyizindawo zokuqala e-Ecuador naseNingizimu Melika ukuthola lo mklomelo.
Lesi sitifiketi sihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-30.000 futhi sisebenza iminyaka emine. ISan Cristóbal yayisivele isitholile ngo-2024. Ngemuva kokuqashelwa kukhona amamephu ezikhukhula athuthukiswe nge-INOCAR (i-Oceanographic Institute of the Ecuadorian Navy) kanye ne-ejensi yokubambisana yaseJapan i-JICA, imizila yokuphuma ephawulwe ngeSpanishi nangesiNgisi, kanye nezindawo eziphephile ezitholakala ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-30 ngaphezu kolwandle eSan Cristóbal. EPuerto Ayora, umbhoshongo one-siren uxhunywe ohlelweni lolwazi lolwandle futhi wenza ukuhlolwa njalo ngeSonto. Abaqondisi bachazela izivakashi ukuthi bangasabela kanjani uma i-alamu ikhala.
Lolu hlelo aluncikile kuphela komasipala. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, iziphathimandla zikazwelonke, kanye nezinhlangano zobuchwepheshe ziyahlanganyela, kanti i-INOCAR igcina ukuqapha olwandle. Isitifiketi asiqinisekisi ukuthi ngeke kube khona ukulahlekelwa, kodwa sithuthukisa ukulungela. EJapane, idola elilodwa elitshalwe ekuvimbeleni lingasindisa ayisikhombisa ekubuyiseleni, impikiswano yezomnotho ecatshangelwa yi-Ecuador. I-Salinas ibonise intshisekelo yokujoyina, futhi umgomo jikelele ukuba namadolobha aqinile ngo-2030. Ukulungela akususi ubungozi, kodwa kunciphisa umthelela wako.
Ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi kanye nokuphepha kolwandle
Ngaphezu kwengcindezi yemvelo, kunesidingo sokulawula imisebenzi yabantu. NgoSepthemba, isikebhe sezivakashi iDelfina sawela endaweni yasePlaza Sur, ogwini olusempumalanga yeSanta Cruz. Izivakashi ezingu-16 kanye nabasebenzi abangu-12 ababesesikebheni abazange balimale. Umqondisi Wepaki Kazwelonke YaseGalapagos ubike ukuthi akukho ukuphuka komkhumbi, ukuvuza kwamanzi, noma ukuchitheka kukawoyela okutholiwe. I-Navy, nge-Seymour Port Authority, yahlela impendulo yokuqala.
Kwesinye isigameko, uMnyango Wezemvelo uhlele ukubuyiselwa kwezingulube zasolwandle ezingu-24 ezathathwa ngo-Agasti esikhumulweni sezindiza saseQuito eziQhingini zaseGalápagos. Isakhamuzi saseRussia sasizama ukuziyisa e-Iceland. Kuma-iguana angu-32 atholakale, ayisishiyagalombili ashone naphezu kokuthola ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Abasindile abangu-24 basahlala bodwa ngaphansi kokubhekwa kwezempilo, izifo kanye nofuzo. Ukubuyiselwa kwabo ngeke kube okuzenzakalelayo ; kuzoncika ezindinganisweni zobuchwepheshe kanye nemvelaphi yabo ukuvikela ukuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo zalesi siqhingi.
Lo wesifazane ugcinwe esitokisini ngecala lobugebengu obusolwa ngokulwa nezitshalo nezilwane zasendle. Ama-iguana asemanzini atholakala e-Ecuador futhi avikelwe yi-Red Book of Reptiles. Leli cala libonisa ukuthi ukushushumbiswa kwezilwane zasendle akuyona ingozi engaqondakali, kodwa kuwumsebenzi odinga ukulawulwa kwezindiza, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukaniswa. Ukuqapha kuqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba isilwane sifike esikhumulweni sezindiza.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezihlukile
Phakathi kwezilwane ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu yi-batfish enezindebe ezibomvu, i-Ogcocelus darwini, ebhekwa njengehlala eziQhingini zaseGalápagos yiCharles Darwin Foundation. Umzimba wayo oyisicaba kanye namaphiko ayo aguquliwe kanye namaphiko ayo angaphakathi avumela ukuthi ikwazi ukuhamba phezu kwezihlabathi kanye nezintaba-mlilo njengokungathi ihamba. Ihlala ekujuleni kwamamitha amathathu kuya kwangu-76 futhi yachazwa ngokwesayensi ngo-1958 nguCarl Leavitt Hubbs. Ukubukeka kwayo kukhumbuza isilwane esivela kwelinye izwe.
Iziqhingi zaseGalápagos zibhekene nempicabadala eyinkimbinkimbi lapho konke kuxhumene khona: uhlobo oluhlaselayo lungaphazamisa ukudla kwezimfudu, inzwa ingaxwayisa iziphathimandla ngekati lasendle, i-siren ingasindisa izakhamuzi e-tsunami, kanti ezokuphepha esikhumulweni sezindiza zinganciphisa ukuzingela izilwane zasendle. Ubuchwepheshe, isayensi, kanye nomphakathi wendawo kuyahlangana ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi yesiqhingi esingenamingcele. Ukuvikela iGalápagos kuvikela enye yezindawo zemvelo eziyigugu kakhulu emhlabeni.
